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Silica-scaled chrysophytes of Europe
Distribution, morphology, ecology

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List of species

  • Mallomonas
    • a
      • Mallomonas acaroides
      • Mallomonas actinoloma
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. nadiensis
      • Mallomonas adamas
      • Mallomonas akrokomos
      • Mallomonas alata
      • Mallomonas alata f. hualvensis
      • Mallomonas allorgei
      • Mallomonas alphaphora
      • Mallomonas alpina
      • Mallomonas alveolata
      • Mallomonas annulata
      • Mallomonas areolata
      • Mallomonas acaroides var. inermis
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. maramuresensis
    • b - c
      • Mallomonas bangladeshica
      • Mallomonas calceolus
      • Mallomonas canina
      • Mallomonas caudata
      • Mallomonas clavus
      • Mallomonas conspersa
      • Mallomonas corcontica
      • Mallomonas corymbosa
      • Mallomonas costata
      • Mallomonas crassisquama
      • Mallomonas crassisquama var. papillosa
      • Mallomonas cratis
      • Mallomonas cristata
      • Mallomonas cucullata
      • Mallomonas cyathellata
    • d - h
      • Mallomonas decora
      • Mallomonas directa
      • Mallomonas divida
      • Mallomonas doignonii
      • Mallomonas elongata
      • Mallomonas eoa
      • Mallomonas favosa
      • Mallomonas flora
      • Mallomonas formosa
      • Mallomonas grata
      • Mallomonas guttata
      • Mallomonas hamata
      • Mallomonas hexagonis
      • Mallomonas hindonii
      • Mallomonas denticulata
    • i - l
      • Mallomonas inornata
      • Mallomonas insignis
      • Mallomonas intermedia
      • Mallomonas intermedia var. saliceaensis
      • Mallomonas jubata
      • Mallomonas kalinae
      • Mallomonas koreana
      • Mallomonas labyrinthina
      • Mallomonas leboimei
      • Mallomonas lelymene
      • Mallomonas lychenensis
      • Mallomonas lychenensis f. symposiaca
    • m - o
      • Mallomonas maculata
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. gracilis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. mangofera
      • Mallomonas matvienkoae
      • Mallomonas multisetigera
      • Mallomonas munda
      • Mallomonas multiunca
      • Mallomonas ouradion
      • Mallomonas oviformis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. reticulata
    • pa - pi
      • Mallomonas palaestrica
      • Mallomonas paludosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. ellipsoidea
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. monilifera
      • Mallomonas parvula
      • Mallomonas paxillata
      • Mallomonas peronoides
      • Mallomonas phasma
      • Mallomonas pillula f. exannulata
      • Mallomonas pillula f. latimarginalis
      • Mallomonas pillula f. pillula
      • Mallomonas pillula f. valdiviana
    • po - pu
      • Mallomonas portae-ferreae
      • Mallomonas prora
      • Mallomonas pseudocratis
      • Mallomonas pugio
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. dispersa
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. pumilio
      • Mallomonas punctifera
      • Mallomonas punctifera var. brasiliensis
    • r - s
      • Mallomonas rasilis
      • Mallomonas retifera
      • Mallomonas scalaris
      • Mallomonas schwemmlei
      • Mallomonas scrobiculata
      • Mallomonas silvicola
      • Mallomonas solea-ferrea var. irregularis
      • Mallomonas striata var. balonovii
      • Mallomonas striata var. getseniae
      • Mallomonas striata var. serrata
      • Mallomonas striata var. striata
      • Mallomonas strictopteris
    • t - z
      • Mallomonas teilingii
      • Mallomonas tirolensis
      • Mallomonas tolerans
      • Mallomonas tonsurata
      • Mallomonas torquata var. simplex
      • Mallomonas torquata var. torquata
      • Mallomonas transsylvanica
      • Mallomonas trummensis
      • Mallomonas tubulosa
      • Mallomonas vannigera
      • Mallomonas variabilis
      • Mallomonas vorkutiensis
      • Mallomonas zellensis
  • Synura
    • a - g
      • Synura americana
      • Synura asmundiae
      • Synura bjoerkii
      • Synura conopea
      • Synura glabra
      • Synura curtispina
      • Synura echinulata
    • h - m
      • Synura korshikovii
      • Synura macracantha
      • Synura macropora
      • Synura mollispina
      • Synura multidentata
      • Synura heteropora
      • Synura hibernica
      • Synura lapponica (= Neotessella lapponica)
      • Synura laticarina
      • Synura leptorhabda
      • Synura mammillosa
    • n - u
      • Synura nygaardii
      • Synura papillosa
      • Synura praefracta
      • Synura punctulosa
      • Synura splendida
      • Synura truttae
      • Synura petersenii
      • Synura sphagnicola
      • Synura spinosa
      • Synura synuroidea
      • Synura uvella
  • Neotessella
    • Neotessella lapponica
  • Paraphysomonas
    • a - ci
      • Paraphysomonas acantholepis
      • Paraphysomonas amphiplana
      • Paraphysomonas bandaiensis
      • Paraphysomonas caelifrica
      • Paraphysomonas capreolata
      • Paraphysomonas circumforaminifera
      • Paraphysomonas circumvallata
      • Paraphysomonas butcheri
    • co - h
      • Paraphysomonas corynephora
      • Paraphysomonas cylicophora
      • Paraphysomonas foraminifera
      • Paraphysomonas gladiata
    • i - q
      • Paraphysomonas limbata
      • Paraphysomonas oligocycla
      • Paraphysomonas planus
      • Paraphysomonas punctata
      • Paraphysomonas imperforata
    • r - v
      • Paraphysomonas runciniferopsis
      • Paraphysomonas truncata
      • Paraphysomonas vestita
  • Lepidochromonas
    • c - i
      • Lepidochromonas cancellata
      • Lepidochromonas canistrum
      • Lepidochromonas corbidifera
      • Lepidochromonas coronata
      • Lepidochromonas diademifera
      • Lepidochromonas eiffelii
      • Lepidochromonas elegantissima
      • Lepidochromonas homolepis
      • Lepidochromonas ignivoma
      • Lepidochromonas cribosa
    • m - u
      • Lepidochromonas manubriata
      • Lepidochromonas morchella
      • Lepidochromonas poteriophora
      • Lepidochromonas quadrispina
      • Lepidochromonas runcinifera
      • Lepidochromonas stelligera
      • Lepidochromonas stephanolepis
      • Lepidochromonas subquadrangularis
      • Lepidochromonas subrotacea
      • Lepidochromonas undulata
      • Lepidochromonas takahashii
  • Spiniferomonas
    • a - c
      • Spiniferomonas abei
      • Spiniferomonas abrupta
      • Spiniferomonas alata
      • Spiniferomonas bilacunosa
      • Spiniferomonas breakneckii
      • Spiniferomonas cornuta
      • Spiniferomonas crucigera
      • Spiniferomonas bourrellyi
    • m - t
      • Spiniferomonas minuta
      • Spiniferomonas septispina
      • Spiniferomonas silverensis
      • Spiniferomonas triangularis
      • Spiniferomonas serrata
      • Spiniferomonas trioralis
  • Chrysosphaerella
    • Chrysosphaerella annulata
    • Chrysosphaerella brevispina
    • Chrysosphaerella coronacircumspina
    • Chrysosphaerella longispina
    • Chrysosphaerella rotundata
  • Polylepidomonas
    • Polylepidomonas vacuolata

List of species

  • Mallomonas
      • Mallomonas acaroides
      • Mallomonas actinoloma
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. nadiensis
      • Mallomonas adamas
      • Mallomonas akrokomos
      • Mallomonas alata
      • Mallomonas alata f. hualvensis
      • Mallomonas allorgei
      • Mallomonas alphaphora
      • Mallomonas alpina
      • Mallomonas alveolata
      • Mallomonas annulata
      • Mallomonas areolata
      • Mallomonas acaroides var. inermis
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. maramuresensis
      • Mallomonas bangladeshica
      • Mallomonas calceolus
      • Mallomonas canina
      • Mallomonas caudata
      • Mallomonas clavus
      • Mallomonas conspersa
      • Mallomonas corcontica
      • Mallomonas corymbosa
      • Mallomonas costata
      • Mallomonas crassisquama
      • Mallomonas crassisquama var. papillosa
      • Mallomonas cratis
      • Mallomonas cristata
      • Mallomonas cucullata
      • Mallomonas cyathellata
      • Mallomonas decora
      • Mallomonas directa
      • Mallomonas divida
      • Mallomonas doignonii
      • Mallomonas elongata
      • Mallomonas eoa
      • Mallomonas favosa
      • Mallomonas flora
      • Mallomonas formosa
      • Mallomonas grata
      • Mallomonas guttata
      • Mallomonas hamata
      • Mallomonas hexagonis
      • Mallomonas hindonii
      • Mallomonas denticulata
      • Mallomonas inornata
      • Mallomonas insignis
      • Mallomonas intermedia
      • Mallomonas intermedia var. saliceaensis
      • Mallomonas jubata
      • Mallomonas kalinae
      • Mallomonas koreana
      • Mallomonas labyrinthina
      • Mallomonas leboimei
      • Mallomonas lelymene
      • Mallomonas lychenensis
      • Mallomonas lychenensis f. symposiaca
      • Mallomonas maculata
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. gracilis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. mangofera
      • Mallomonas matvienkoae
      • Mallomonas multisetigera
      • Mallomonas munda
      • Mallomonas multiunca
      • Mallomonas ouradion
      • Mallomonas oviformis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. reticulata
      • Mallomonas palaestrica
      • Mallomonas paludosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. ellipsoidea
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. monilifera
      • Mallomonas parvula
      • Mallomonas paxillata
      • Mallomonas peronoides
      • Mallomonas phasma
      • Mallomonas pillula f. exannulata
      • Mallomonas pillula f. latimarginalis
      • Mallomonas pillula f. pillula
      • Mallomonas pillula f. valdiviana
      • Mallomonas portae-ferreae
      • Mallomonas prora
      • Mallomonas pseudocratis
      • Mallomonas pugio
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. dispersa
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. pumilio
      • Mallomonas punctifera
      • Mallomonas punctifera var. brasiliensis
      • Mallomonas rasilis
      • Mallomonas retifera
      • Mallomonas scalaris
      • Mallomonas schwemmlei
      • Mallomonas scrobiculata
      • Mallomonas silvicola
      • Mallomonas solea-ferrea var. irregularis
      • Mallomonas striata var. balonovii
      • Mallomonas striata var. getseniae
      • Mallomonas striata var. serrata
      • Mallomonas striata var. striata
      • Mallomonas strictopteris
      • Mallomonas teilingii
      • Mallomonas tirolensis
      • Mallomonas tolerans
      • Mallomonas tonsurata
      • Mallomonas torquata var. simplex
      • Mallomonas torquata var. torquata
      • Mallomonas transsylvanica
      • Mallomonas trummensis
      • Mallomonas tubulosa
      • Mallomonas vannigera
      • Mallomonas variabilis
      • Mallomonas vorkutiensis
      • Mallomonas zellensis
  • Synura
      • Synura americana
      • Synura asmundiae
      • Synura bjoerkii
      • Synura conopea
      • Synura glabra
      • Synura curtispina
      • Synura echinulata
      • Synura korshikovii
      • Synura macracantha
      • Synura macropora
      • Synura mollispina
      • Synura multidentata
      • Synura heteropora
      • Synura hibernica
      • Synura lapponica (= Neotessella lapponica)
      • Synura laticarina
      • Synura leptorhabda
      • Synura mammillosa
      • Synura nygaardii
      • Synura papillosa
      • Synura praefracta
      • Synura punctulosa
      • Synura splendida
      • Synura truttae
      • Synura petersenii
      • Synura sphagnicola
      • Synura spinosa
      • Synura synuroidea
      • Synura uvella
  • Neotessella
    • Neotessella lapponica
  • Paraphysomonas
      • Paraphysomonas acantholepis
      • Paraphysomonas amphiplana
      • Paraphysomonas bandaiensis
      • Paraphysomonas caelifrica
      • Paraphysomonas capreolata
      • Paraphysomonas circumforaminifera
      • Paraphysomonas circumvallata
      • Paraphysomonas butcheri
      • Paraphysomonas corynephora
      • Paraphysomonas cylicophora
      • Paraphysomonas foraminifera
      • Paraphysomonas gladiata
      • Paraphysomonas limbata
      • Paraphysomonas oligocycla
      • Paraphysomonas planus
      • Paraphysomonas punctata
      • Paraphysomonas imperforata
      • Paraphysomonas runciniferopsis
      • Paraphysomonas truncata
      • Paraphysomonas vestita
  • Lepidochromonas
      • Lepidochromonas cancellata
      • Lepidochromonas canistrum
      • Lepidochromonas corbidifera
      • Lepidochromonas coronata
      • Lepidochromonas diademifera
      • Lepidochromonas eiffelii
      • Lepidochromonas elegantissima
      • Lepidochromonas homolepis
      • Lepidochromonas ignivoma
      • Lepidochromonas cribosa
      • Lepidochromonas manubriata
      • Lepidochromonas morchella
      • Lepidochromonas poteriophora
      • Lepidochromonas quadrispina
      • Lepidochromonas runcinifera
      • Lepidochromonas stelligera
      • Lepidochromonas stephanolepis
      • Lepidochromonas subquadrangularis
      • Lepidochromonas subrotacea
      • Lepidochromonas undulata
      • Lepidochromonas takahashii
  • Spiniferomonas
      • Spiniferomonas abei
      • Spiniferomonas abrupta
      • Spiniferomonas alata
      • Spiniferomonas bilacunosa
      • Spiniferomonas breakneckii
      • Spiniferomonas cornuta
      • Spiniferomonas crucigera
      • Spiniferomonas bourrellyi
      • Spiniferomonas minuta
      • Spiniferomonas septispina
      • Spiniferomonas silverensis
      • Spiniferomonas triangularis
      • Spiniferomonas serrata
      • Spiniferomonas trioralis
  • Chrysosphaerella
    • Chrysosphaerella annulata
    • Chrysosphaerella brevispina
    • Chrysosphaerella coronacircumspina
    • Chrysosphaerella longispina
    • Chrysosphaerella rotundata
  • Polylepidomonas
    • Polylepidomonas vacuolata

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By admin | 10:40 PM UTC, Fri January 17, 2025

Cells are solitary or grouped in more or less spherical colonies (C. longispina and C. brevispina), free-living, autotrophic, covered with siliceous scales and spines. Two flagella of unequal length are inserted apically.

Identification of Chrysosphaerella species is based on the ultrastructure of scales and spines. Scales are elliptical, oval or circular and variously patterned with ridges and hollows. Spines are hollow, with a bifurcate or trifurcate tip. Spine base is complex, in some species bobbin- or pulley-shaped, consisting of two discs joined by a hollow tube. Some solitary species have a simpler base, which is separated from the shaft by just a septum; and the spine shaft is pierced by a circular or elliptical hole just above the septum.

The taxonomy of Chrysosphaerella is complicated by its morphological similarity to the genus Spiniferomonas. Nicholls (1984) described two solitary Spiniferomonas taxa (S. septispina and S. enigmata), whose scales resemble those of the genus Chrysosphaerella. He further reclassified two additional Chrysosphaerella species (C. coronacircumspina and C. salina) into the genus Spiniferomonas, because of their unicellular habit. However, Kristiansen & Tong (1989) did not recognize the differences between solitary and colonial species to be genus-specific, and rather differentiated the genera according to the spine structure. Those species having spines with two basal discs they classified into the genus Chrysosphaerella, whereas Spiniferomonas species were characterized to have simple spine base. Finally, marine and brackish species were transferred to the Cercozoan genus Thaumatomastix (Beech & Moestrup, 1986).

Chrysosphaerella siliceous structures. A. Tubular spine with two basal discs (C. brevispina). B. Oval scales with an undulating rim (C. brevispina). C. Long elliptical scales with a rough reticulation and a longitudinal depression in the center (C. longispina).

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