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Silica-scaled chrysophytes of Europe
Distribution, morphology, ecology

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  • Synura

List of species

  • Mallomonas
    • a
      • Mallomonas acaroides
      • Mallomonas actinoloma
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. nadiensis
      • Mallomonas adamas
      • Mallomonas akrokomos
      • Mallomonas alata
      • Mallomonas alata f. hualvensis
      • Mallomonas allorgei
      • Mallomonas alphaphora
      • Mallomonas alpina
      • Mallomonas alveolata
      • Mallomonas annulata
      • Mallomonas areolata
      • Mallomonas acaroides var. inermis
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. maramuresensis
    • b - c
      • Mallomonas bangladeshica
      • Mallomonas calceolus
      • Mallomonas canina
      • Mallomonas caudata
      • Mallomonas clavus
      • Mallomonas conspersa
      • Mallomonas corcontica
      • Mallomonas corymbosa
      • Mallomonas costata
      • Mallomonas crassisquama
      • Mallomonas crassisquama var. papillosa
      • Mallomonas cratis
      • Mallomonas cristata
      • Mallomonas cucullata
      • Mallomonas cyathellata
    • d - h
      • Mallomonas decora
      • Mallomonas directa
      • Mallomonas divida
      • Mallomonas doignonii
      • Mallomonas elongata
      • Mallomonas eoa
      • Mallomonas favosa
      • Mallomonas flora
      • Mallomonas formosa
      • Mallomonas grata
      • Mallomonas guttata
      • Mallomonas hamata
      • Mallomonas hexagonis
      • Mallomonas hindonii
      • Mallomonas denticulata
    • i - l
      • Mallomonas inornata
      • Mallomonas insignis
      • Mallomonas intermedia
      • Mallomonas intermedia var. saliceaensis
      • Mallomonas jubata
      • Mallomonas kalinae
      • Mallomonas koreana
      • Mallomonas labyrinthina
      • Mallomonas leboimei
      • Mallomonas lelymene
      • Mallomonas lychenensis
      • Mallomonas lychenensis f. symposiaca
    • m - o
      • Mallomonas maculata
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. gracilis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. mangofera
      • Mallomonas matvienkoae
      • Mallomonas multisetigera
      • Mallomonas munda
      • Mallomonas multiunca
      • Mallomonas ouradion
      • Mallomonas oviformis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. reticulata
    • pa - pi
      • Mallomonas palaestrica
      • Mallomonas paludosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. ellipsoidea
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. monilifera
      • Mallomonas parvula
      • Mallomonas paxillata
      • Mallomonas peronoides
      • Mallomonas phasma
      • Mallomonas pillula f. exannulata
      • Mallomonas pillula f. latimarginalis
      • Mallomonas pillula f. pillula
      • Mallomonas pillula f. valdiviana
    • po - pu
      • Mallomonas portae-ferreae
      • Mallomonas prora
      • Mallomonas pseudocratis
      • Mallomonas pugio
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. dispersa
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. pumilio
      • Mallomonas punctifera
      • Mallomonas punctifera var. brasiliensis
    • r - s
      • Mallomonas rasilis
      • Mallomonas retifera
      • Mallomonas scalaris
      • Mallomonas schwemmlei
      • Mallomonas scrobiculata
      • Mallomonas silvicola
      • Mallomonas solea-ferrea var. irregularis
      • Mallomonas striata var. balonovii
      • Mallomonas striata var. getseniae
      • Mallomonas striata var. serrata
      • Mallomonas striata var. striata
      • Mallomonas strictopteris
    • t - z
      • Mallomonas teilingii
      • Mallomonas tirolensis
      • Mallomonas tolerans
      • Mallomonas tonsurata
      • Mallomonas torquata var. simplex
      • Mallomonas torquata var. torquata
      • Mallomonas transsylvanica
      • Mallomonas trummensis
      • Mallomonas tubulosa
      • Mallomonas vannigera
      • Mallomonas variabilis
      • Mallomonas vorkutiensis
      • Mallomonas zellensis
  • Synura
    • a - g
      • Synura americana
      • Synura asmundiae
      • Synura bjoerkii
      • Synura conopea
      • Synura glabra
      • Synura curtispina
      • Synura echinulata
    • h - m
      • Synura korshikovii
      • Synura macracantha
      • Synura macropora
      • Synura mollispina
      • Synura multidentata
      • Synura heteropora
      • Synura hibernica
      • Synura lapponica (= Neotessella lapponica)
      • Synura laticarina
      • Synura leptorhabda
      • Synura mammillosa
    • n - u
      • Synura nygaardii
      • Synura papillosa
      • Synura praefracta
      • Synura punctulosa
      • Synura splendida
      • Synura truttae
      • Synura petersenii
      • Synura sphagnicola
      • Synura spinosa
      • Synura synuroidea
      • Synura uvella
  • Neotessella
    • Neotessella lapponica
  • Paraphysomonas
    • a - ci
      • Paraphysomonas acantholepis
      • Paraphysomonas amphiplana
      • Paraphysomonas bandaiensis
      • Paraphysomonas caelifrica
      • Paraphysomonas capreolata
      • Paraphysomonas circumforaminifera
      • Paraphysomonas circumvallata
      • Paraphysomonas butcheri
    • co - h
      • Paraphysomonas corynephora
      • Paraphysomonas cylicophora
      • Paraphysomonas foraminifera
      • Paraphysomonas gladiata
    • i - q
      • Paraphysomonas limbata
      • Paraphysomonas oligocycla
      • Paraphysomonas planus
      • Paraphysomonas punctata
      • Paraphysomonas imperforata
    • r - v
      • Paraphysomonas runciniferopsis
      • Paraphysomonas truncata
      • Paraphysomonas vestita
  • Lepidochromonas
    • c - i
      • Lepidochromonas cancellata
      • Lepidochromonas canistrum
      • Lepidochromonas corbidifera
      • Lepidochromonas coronata
      • Lepidochromonas diademifera
      • Lepidochromonas eiffelii
      • Lepidochromonas elegantissima
      • Lepidochromonas homolepis
      • Lepidochromonas ignivoma
      • Lepidochromonas cribosa
    • m - u
      • Lepidochromonas manubriata
      • Lepidochromonas morchella
      • Lepidochromonas poteriophora
      • Lepidochromonas quadrispina
      • Lepidochromonas runcinifera
      • Lepidochromonas stelligera
      • Lepidochromonas stephanolepis
      • Lepidochromonas subquadrangularis
      • Lepidochromonas subrotacea
      • Lepidochromonas undulata
      • Lepidochromonas takahashii
  • Spiniferomonas
    • a - c
      • Spiniferomonas abei
      • Spiniferomonas abrupta
      • Spiniferomonas alata
      • Spiniferomonas bilacunosa
      • Spiniferomonas breakneckii
      • Spiniferomonas cornuta
      • Spiniferomonas crucigera
      • Spiniferomonas bourrellyi
    • m - t
      • Spiniferomonas minuta
      • Spiniferomonas septispina
      • Spiniferomonas silverensis
      • Spiniferomonas triangularis
      • Spiniferomonas serrata
      • Spiniferomonas trioralis
  • Chrysosphaerella
    • Chrysosphaerella annulata
    • Chrysosphaerella brevispina
    • Chrysosphaerella coronacircumspina
    • Chrysosphaerella longispina
    • Chrysosphaerella rotundata
  • Polylepidomonas
    • Polylepidomonas vacuolata

List of species

  • Mallomonas
      • Mallomonas acaroides
      • Mallomonas actinoloma
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. nadiensis
      • Mallomonas adamas
      • Mallomonas akrokomos
      • Mallomonas alata
      • Mallomonas alata f. hualvensis
      • Mallomonas allorgei
      • Mallomonas alphaphora
      • Mallomonas alpina
      • Mallomonas alveolata
      • Mallomonas annulata
      • Mallomonas areolata
      • Mallomonas acaroides var. inermis
      • Mallomonas actinoloma var. maramuresensis
      • Mallomonas bangladeshica
      • Mallomonas calceolus
      • Mallomonas canina
      • Mallomonas caudata
      • Mallomonas clavus
      • Mallomonas conspersa
      • Mallomonas corcontica
      • Mallomonas corymbosa
      • Mallomonas costata
      • Mallomonas crassisquama
      • Mallomonas crassisquama var. papillosa
      • Mallomonas cratis
      • Mallomonas cristata
      • Mallomonas cucullata
      • Mallomonas cyathellata
      • Mallomonas decora
      • Mallomonas directa
      • Mallomonas divida
      • Mallomonas doignonii
      • Mallomonas elongata
      • Mallomonas eoa
      • Mallomonas favosa
      • Mallomonas flora
      • Mallomonas formosa
      • Mallomonas grata
      • Mallomonas guttata
      • Mallomonas hamata
      • Mallomonas hexagonis
      • Mallomonas hindonii
      • Mallomonas denticulata
      • Mallomonas inornata
      • Mallomonas insignis
      • Mallomonas intermedia
      • Mallomonas intermedia var. saliceaensis
      • Mallomonas jubata
      • Mallomonas kalinae
      • Mallomonas koreana
      • Mallomonas labyrinthina
      • Mallomonas leboimei
      • Mallomonas lelymene
      • Mallomonas lychenensis
      • Mallomonas lychenensis f. symposiaca
      • Mallomonas maculata
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. gracilis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. mangofera
      • Mallomonas matvienkoae
      • Mallomonas multisetigera
      • Mallomonas munda
      • Mallomonas multiunca
      • Mallomonas ouradion
      • Mallomonas oviformis
      • Mallomonas mangofera var. reticulata
      • Mallomonas palaestrica
      • Mallomonas paludosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. ellipsoidea
      • Mallomonas papillosa var. monilifera
      • Mallomonas parvula
      • Mallomonas paxillata
      • Mallomonas peronoides
      • Mallomonas phasma
      • Mallomonas pillula f. exannulata
      • Mallomonas pillula f. latimarginalis
      • Mallomonas pillula f. pillula
      • Mallomonas pillula f. valdiviana
      • Mallomonas portae-ferreae
      • Mallomonas prora
      • Mallomonas pseudocratis
      • Mallomonas pugio
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. dispersa
      • Mallomonas pumilio var. pumilio
      • Mallomonas punctifera
      • Mallomonas punctifera var. brasiliensis
      • Mallomonas rasilis
      • Mallomonas retifera
      • Mallomonas scalaris
      • Mallomonas schwemmlei
      • Mallomonas scrobiculata
      • Mallomonas silvicola
      • Mallomonas solea-ferrea var. irregularis
      • Mallomonas striata var. balonovii
      • Mallomonas striata var. getseniae
      • Mallomonas striata var. serrata
      • Mallomonas striata var. striata
      • Mallomonas strictopteris
      • Mallomonas teilingii
      • Mallomonas tirolensis
      • Mallomonas tolerans
      • Mallomonas tonsurata
      • Mallomonas torquata var. simplex
      • Mallomonas torquata var. torquata
      • Mallomonas transsylvanica
      • Mallomonas trummensis
      • Mallomonas tubulosa
      • Mallomonas vannigera
      • Mallomonas variabilis
      • Mallomonas vorkutiensis
      • Mallomonas zellensis
  • Synura
      • Synura americana
      • Synura asmundiae
      • Synura bjoerkii
      • Synura conopea
      • Synura glabra
      • Synura curtispina
      • Synura echinulata
      • Synura korshikovii
      • Synura macracantha
      • Synura macropora
      • Synura mollispina
      • Synura multidentata
      • Synura heteropora
      • Synura hibernica
      • Synura lapponica (= Neotessella lapponica)
      • Synura laticarina
      • Synura leptorhabda
      • Synura mammillosa
      • Synura nygaardii
      • Synura papillosa
      • Synura praefracta
      • Synura punctulosa
      • Synura splendida
      • Synura truttae
      • Synura petersenii
      • Synura sphagnicola
      • Synura spinosa
      • Synura synuroidea
      • Synura uvella
  • Neotessella
    • Neotessella lapponica
  • Paraphysomonas
      • Paraphysomonas acantholepis
      • Paraphysomonas amphiplana
      • Paraphysomonas bandaiensis
      • Paraphysomonas caelifrica
      • Paraphysomonas capreolata
      • Paraphysomonas circumforaminifera
      • Paraphysomonas circumvallata
      • Paraphysomonas butcheri
      • Paraphysomonas corynephora
      • Paraphysomonas cylicophora
      • Paraphysomonas foraminifera
      • Paraphysomonas gladiata
      • Paraphysomonas limbata
      • Paraphysomonas oligocycla
      • Paraphysomonas planus
      • Paraphysomonas punctata
      • Paraphysomonas imperforata
      • Paraphysomonas runciniferopsis
      • Paraphysomonas truncata
      • Paraphysomonas vestita
  • Lepidochromonas
      • Lepidochromonas cancellata
      • Lepidochromonas canistrum
      • Lepidochromonas corbidifera
      • Lepidochromonas coronata
      • Lepidochromonas diademifera
      • Lepidochromonas eiffelii
      • Lepidochromonas elegantissima
      • Lepidochromonas homolepis
      • Lepidochromonas ignivoma
      • Lepidochromonas cribosa
      • Lepidochromonas manubriata
      • Lepidochromonas morchella
      • Lepidochromonas poteriophora
      • Lepidochromonas quadrispina
      • Lepidochromonas runcinifera
      • Lepidochromonas stelligera
      • Lepidochromonas stephanolepis
      • Lepidochromonas subquadrangularis
      • Lepidochromonas subrotacea
      • Lepidochromonas undulata
      • Lepidochromonas takahashii
  • Spiniferomonas
      • Spiniferomonas abei
      • Spiniferomonas abrupta
      • Spiniferomonas alata
      • Spiniferomonas bilacunosa
      • Spiniferomonas breakneckii
      • Spiniferomonas cornuta
      • Spiniferomonas crucigera
      • Spiniferomonas bourrellyi
      • Spiniferomonas minuta
      • Spiniferomonas septispina
      • Spiniferomonas silverensis
      • Spiniferomonas triangularis
      • Spiniferomonas serrata
      • Spiniferomonas trioralis
  • Chrysosphaerella
    • Chrysosphaerella annulata
    • Chrysosphaerella brevispina
    • Chrysosphaerella coronacircumspina
    • Chrysosphaerella longispina
    • Chrysosphaerella rotundata
  • Polylepidomonas
    • Polylepidomonas vacuolata

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By admin | 10:33 PM UTC, Fri January 17, 2025

Synura is a genus of colony-forming autotrophic organisms in which a variable number of cells are joined together at their posterior ends. Each cell is covered by imbricate silica scales, whose ultrastructure essentially defines the particular species. Several scale types occur on the same cell, depending on their position. Apart from the prevailing body scales, apical and rear scales can also be observed and are characterized by their different length to width ratios.

Scales have a perforated basal plate with an upturned rim and in most species an apical spine or similar structure. Most species have secondary ornamentation consisting of struts or reticulation. Scales originate in vesicles on the outer side of the chloroplast and during genesis are molded into shape by outbulgings from the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. When finished, they are extruded from the cell and arranged in a definite pattern. 

Three sections could be recognized based on the different scale ultrastructure (Synura, Petersenianae, Lapponicae). Body scales of Synura, sect. Synura are characteristic by having a distal spine. Scales of Synura sect. Petersenianae could be differntiated by median keel which may end in a spinelike projection. Synura, sect. Lapponicae has simple, oval scales with a central knob.

A. General morphology of silica scale of Synura, section Synura (S. echinulata). B = basal plate; H = base plate hole; R = rim; S = distal spine; SS = secondary structure. B. General morphology of silica scale of Synura, section Petersenianae (S. petersenii). B = basal plate; H = base plate hole; K = keel; KT = keel tip; R = rim; S = struts; TF = transverse folds. C. Synura cell covered with armour of silica scales (S. petersenii)

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